tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21665094231958552932024-02-21T04:11:14.559-07:00HearsayA publication of the Westminster Law Library at the University of Denver.Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comBlogger427125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-48988687441517231912013-04-09T17:03:00.001-06:002013-04-09T17:03:41.854-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Writing the Summary of the Argument
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><!--[endif]--><span>The Summary of the Argument in a brief is, in a
nutshell, a summary of the best reasons your client should win the case. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judges often read the Summary before they read
the brief, so the Summary sets up your argument by giving the judge the context
to view it favorably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a judge who
doesn’t have time to read the whole brief, the Summary is even more important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Placement.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In an appellate brief, the Summary comes
after the Statement of the Case and before the Argument section. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a motion brief, the Summary, or
“Introduction,” comes before the Statement of the Case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Content.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8), the Summary
“must contain a succinct, clear, and accurate statement of the arguments made
in the body of the brief.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
Summary provides a roadmap of your argument, it is different from the overview
paragraph because it is a stand-alone section of the brief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It covers the main arguments addressed in
your point headings, but should not merely repeat them. Try to strike a balance
between the detail in the argument section and the more condensed point
headings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Length.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The summary should not be overly long—one to
two pages at most.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Typically, that means
one paragraph per issue (and perhaps an introductory paragraph if there is more
than one issue).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although you need not
give equal weight to each argument, the Summary should follow the same order as
your argument section. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Citations.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Summary should center on the arguments
themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, although you may
sometimes need to reference a key statute or controlling case to make your Summary
understandable, you will not usually include citations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and Persuasive
Argument</u> 480-83 (2d ed. 2006); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The
Legal Writing Handbook</u> 361-62 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-23699283113743394292013-04-03T17:57:00.001-06:002013-04-03T17:57:56.958-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Using Topic or Thesis Sentences in a Brief
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>As in a legal memorandum, a topic
or thesis sentence for a rule explanation in a brief signals your reader that
you are introducing new material.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, unlike a topic sentence in a memo, it is not an objective
statement of the rule. Use a topic sentence in a brief to state the rule in a
way that subtly favors your client’s position.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><o:p>T</o:p></span><span>o determine
whether a public figure may recover damages for false statements, the court
considers whether the statements were made with “actual malice.” [cite] </span>(objective
statement)</div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>A public figure is entitled to damages for false
statements when the publisher makes the statements with “actual malice.” [cite]
</span>(favoring public figure)</div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>A public figure may not recover damages for a
publisher’s inaccurate statements unless the statements were made with
“actual malice.” [cite] </span>(favoring publisher)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>In a brief, a topic sentence
for a rule explanation section should be a favorable statement of the legal
rule gleaned from a case or group of cases. The topic sentence sets the tone
for the favorable facts and rationale that follow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although you must address negative facts and
rationale, you will give the most attention to those that favor your position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>When the result of a case is
favorable to your client, state the rule broadly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the result is unfavorable, frame the
rule as narrowly as possible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If part of
the rule is favorable, emphasize the favorable part and de-emphasize the
unfavorable part. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and
Persuasive Argument</u> 339-48, 367-75 (2d ed. 2006); <u>see also</u> Anne
Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 41-44 (3d ed. 2009);
Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook </u>173-75,
487-91 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-70996135549372663212013-03-25T12:17:00.000-06:002013-03-25T12:17:28.060-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Imply and Infer
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Writers sometimes mistakenly
use the word <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“infer”</b> when they
really mean <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“imply.</b>” Although the
two words are related, they are used differently. To <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imply</b> means to suggest or express indirectly. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infer</b>
means to deduce, conclude, or assume. </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Thus, use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imply</b> when the actor is sending an
indirect message; use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infer</b> when the
actor is receiving, or drawing inferences from, someone else’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>message. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The person who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">implies</b> something is the sender of the message, whereas the person who
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infers</b> something is the recipient of
the message.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The detective <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">implied</b> </span>(suggested)<span> that the defendant was guilty by testifying, “He ran
when he saw me, didn’t he?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The detective <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inferred</b> </span>(deduced or concluded)<span> from the defendant’s demeanor that he was hiding
something.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>During the
settlement negotiations, the plaintiff’s lawyer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">implied</b> </span>(suggested)<span> that his
client would consider a lesser settlement if the defendant publicly apologized.
</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>When the victim
filed a civil suit, the defendant’s counsel <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inferred</b> </span>(deduced or concluded)<span>
that the victim was no longer committed to pursuing criminal charges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
For further information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel
Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 310 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates
& Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 775 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-6458752693447420302013-02-25T17:50:00.000-07:002013-02-25T17:50:47.344-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: That, Which, and Who
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<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>The relative pronouns <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">which</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who</b> are used
to join a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They “relate” the clause back to a noun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 42pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The house <u>that
the defendant lived in</u> was on <st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">Mulberry
Street</st1:address></st1:street></span>. (clause relates or refers back to
the noun “house”)<span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 6pt;">
<span>If
the clause relates to a person, use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the clause relates to a thing, use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that</b> if the clause is restrictive and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">which</b> if the clause is
nonrestrictive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Restrictive” means that
the clause restricts the meaning of the noun—it helps identify the noun. “Nonrestrictive”
means that the clause does not restrict the meaning of the noun, but merely provides
additional information about a noun that has already been fully identified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 6pt;">
<span>Clauses
beginning with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">which </b>are nonrestrictive
and should be set off with commas; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that</b>
clauses are restrictive and should not<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>be
set off with commas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Who</b> clauses can be restrictive or
nonrestrictive.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 42pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The driver <u>who
hit the green car</u> was seriously injured. </span>(clause refers to a person
and is restrictive because it identifies the specific driver being referred to,
so use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who</b> with no commas)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 42pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span>The car <u>that the
police were chasing</u> reached the intersection first. </span>(clause refers
to a thing and is restrictive<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>because
it identifies the specific car being referred to, so use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that</b> with no commas) <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 42pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span>The blue car, <u>which
entered the intersection after the accident</u>, was not speeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(clause refers to a thing and is
nonrestrictive because it is not needed to understand which car is being
referred to, so use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">which</b> with
commas)</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 6pt;">
<span>Relative
clauses that follow proper nouns are nonrestrictive; the reader understands
what the noun is without the information in the clause.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 42pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span>Justice O’Connor,
<u>who wrote the dissenting opinion</u>, applied a novel analysis. </span>(clause
refers to a person who is completely identified by name, so it is
nonrestrictive--use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who</b> with commas)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u>
215-20, 311 (3d ed. 2009); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal
Writing Handbook </u>656-58 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-27396471978304295572013-02-18T11:39:00.000-07:002013-02-18T11:39:00.484-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Persuasive Style Part II
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<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<w:wrap type="tight">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Give
favorable information the most “airtime</span></b><span>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emphasize favorable information by describing
it in detail; de-emphasize unfavorable information by describing it more
briefly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span>Ms. Smith
consumed alcohol at the party. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>Ms. Smith
immediately began guzzling beer from a keg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She then downed numerous shots of Jack Daniels during a drinking game.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Emphasize favorable information by placing it at the
beginning or end of a paragraph or sentence or in a short sentence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span>“Bury”
unfavorable information by placing it in the middle of a paragraph or
sentence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Ms. Smith described the man as six feet tall and
180 pounds, with gray sweatpants, dark hair, and a beard. </span>(to bury
gray sweatpants)</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<o:p></o:p> </div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Ms. Smith described the man as six feet tall and
180 pounds, with dark hair and a beard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She noted that he was wearing gray sweatpants. </span>(to emphasize
gray sweatpants)<span> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Juxtapose</span></b><span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">favorable and unfavorable information.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Juxtapose unfavorable information in a
subordinate clause with favorable information in a main clause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Although the boy waved a gun in the air, no one
was injured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(to emphasize
that no one was injured)</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<o:p></o:p> </div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Although no one was injured, the boy waved a
loaded gun in the air. </span>(to emphasize that he was waving the gun)<span> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Use active and passive voice strategically.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Use the active
voice when you want to connect a party with certain actions and the passive
voice when you want to distance a party from those actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The Defendant
abruptly transferred Mr. Smith to a branch office two weeks after Mr. Smith’s
wife filed a discrimination claim. </span>(active)<span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>The Plaintiff was transferred because of staffing
issues. </span>(passive)<span><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and
Persuasive Argument</u> 314-15 (2d ed. 2006); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne
Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 271-75, 354-61, 513-18, 529-31 (5th
ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-37145056210841541212013-02-11T13:05:00.001-07:002013-02-11T13:06:40.228-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Persuasive Style--Part I<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Be a subtle advocate.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don’t risk
losing credibility with your reader by coming on too strong or attacking the
other side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, strive for a
reasonable tone. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Too strong:</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one could possibly believe that Mr.
Smith’s complaints about his new office have any merit whatsoever. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better:</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Smith’s complaints that his new office is
unattractive and that the printer is too far away are mere inconveniences
rather than significant changes in his employment status. <o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Choose persuasive words.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To emphasize
favorable information and present your case positively, use colorful and
persuasive verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To de-emphasize facts or information, use neutral, colorless words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>The witness promptly
spotted the man as he fled from the store.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>The witness saw a
man leave the store.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frame your arguments as conclusions rather than
opinions.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Opinion statements are less persuasive and
typically include unnecessary “throat-clearing” phrases such as “it is
arguable” or “our client maintains.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opinion:</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is our contention that Mr. Smith took
reasonable measures to keep the information secret.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Smith took reasonable measures to keep
the information secret.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Argue affirmatively, rather than defensively.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Focus your
reader on your own argument by making affirmative instead of defensive
statements whenever possible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Defensive:</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The defendant wrongly claims, on public
policy grounds, that she should not be liable for the injury to Mr. Jones. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Affirmative:</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public policy mandates holding the defendant
liable to Mr. Jones.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and
Persuasive Argument</u> 311-26 (2d ed. 2006); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne
Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 353-61, 592 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-62519494340038729462013-02-05T11:15:00.000-07:002013-02-05T11:15:41.518-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Using Quotations
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b> </h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span>Don’t
make the mistake of overusing quotations because you are unsure about how to
use them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember that the purpose of
quotations is to call attention to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">specific
words</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You lose the reader’s attention
when your quotations are too long or too frequent, so quote only when the exact
words themselves are important. </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Statutes are a good example
of when the exact words matter: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a case
often turns on the interpretation of particular statutory language. But even when
quoting a statute, be selective about how much you quote, and quote only the
portions of the statute that are relevant to your issue.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Use quotations from case law
more selectively. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You should usually
paraphrase the court’s holding and reasoning, saving quotations for key words
and phrases or sentences that are so well-written that you could not improve on
them. You will rarely need to quote the facts of a case. </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span>Finding that
there was no “special relationship” between the parties, the court held that
the University had no duty to protect the plaintiff from the “well-known
dangers of using a trampoline.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:placetype w:st="on"><u>University</u></st1:placetype><u> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Denver</st1:placename>
v. Whitlock</u>, 744 P.2d 54, 62 (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Colo.</st1:state></st1:place>
1987). </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>When you do use quotations,
quote the material accurately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Use
brackets to show any changes or additions you have made to the original and
ellipses to show any deletions necessary to make the quotation fit within your
sentence. </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>The purpose of the Good Samaritan statute is “to
encourage . . . assistance by persons on a voluntary basis to enhance the
public safety.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Colo. Rev. Stat. §13-21-116(1)
(2005).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and
Persuasive Argument</u>, 257-59 (2d ed. 2006); Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 111-13 (3d ed. 2009); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne
Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 555-56 (5th ed. 2010)<span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-45305623757939903782013-01-22T15:11:00.000-07:002013-01-22T15:11:38.913-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Using Generic Transitions
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span> </h1>
<span>Generic transitions are
connecting words or phrases that introduce a sentence to help the reader
understand how the new information relates to the previous information. Common
generic transitions include expressions such as “however,” therefore,” and “in
addition.” Good writers use these transitions not just because they “sound
good,” but because they help show the logical connections between the ideas in
different sentences or paragraphs.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Using the correct transition
is just as important as knowing when to use a transition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the transition “in addition”
adds a new point, whereas the transition “likewise” shows similarity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Some
of the most common types of generic transitions show addition; comparison or
contrast;</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">illustration; or
conclusion</b>. Even within these categories, different words can have slightly
different meanings, so be sure to use the precise transition you need. </span><span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Sutter’s eyes were bloodshot, and the officer
smelled alcohol on his breath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>However</u>,
Sutter was able to walk a straight line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span>(transition contrasts ideas in the two sentences)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Andersons</st1:city></st1:place>
engaged in many activities at the cabin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><u>For example</u>, each year they held a family reunion there. </span>(transition
indicates illustration of idea will follow) <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>The suspect was with his daughter at an amusement
park until 11:00 p.m. that night. <u>Therefore</u>, he could not have
committed the robbery. </span>(transition shows conclusion will follow) </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Robin Wellford Slocum, <u>Legal Reasoning, Writing, and
Persuasive Argument</u> 236-38 (2d ed. 2006); Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 53-60 (3d ed. 2009); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne
Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 497-511 (5th ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-1771476433159063442012-11-18T18:09:00.000-07:002012-11-18T18:09:10.773-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Proofreading Strategies
<br />
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>When you have finished
revising and editing your work, spend some time proofreading. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember that proofreading is not the same as
editing—you should not try to do both at the same time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you edit, you are revising for style and
clarity. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">When you proofread, you are looking
for mistakes, such as missing words, typographical errors, and incorrect
punctuation</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consider these proofreading
strategies:</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Give yourself a break between editing and
proofreading.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ideally, you should put your paper away for a
day before proofreading it, but even 30 minutes can help.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Do something different</span></b><span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance,
proofread your paper in a different order from the order in which you have been
revising it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you usually work on the
first section first, proofread the last section first. Try reading your paper backwards,
line for line, from the back to the front. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Read it aloud, or try covering everything but
the line you are reading with a ruler or paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you are a fast reader, slow down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Personalize your proofreading.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Think about
the types of errors you tend to make, such as errors in grammar and punctuation
or transpositions of certain words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then
read your paper looking only for these types of mistakes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Print out a hard copy.</span></b><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Looking at the
hard copy is different from looking at your computer screen, and you may be
able to see mistakes more easily on paper. You should always print out a final document,
even if you are submitting it electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Use Spellchecker and similar computer tools, but do
not rely on them</span></b><span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spellchecker will not catch missing words,
homonyms such as “hear” for “here,” transpositions such as “statue” for
“statute,” or misspellings in capitals-only text such as point headings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 20-22 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates &
Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 183-84, 221, 471-72 (5th ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-87289302783739444572012-11-13T17:11:00.003-07:002012-11-13T17:11:48.148-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Use the Correct Tense
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Knowing which verb tense to
use when discussing the law, precedent cases, or client facts can be confusing
at first. But as in other writing, use the present tense to describe facts or
rules that exist now and the past tense for facts or events that have already
happened.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Use the present tense to discuss the rule of law.</span></b><span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 57pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>A significant
change in employment status constitutes an adverse employment action under Title
VII. </span>(rule of law exists in the present)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Use the past tense to discuss the facts of a precedent
case and the court’s holding or reasoning. </span></b><span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">In <u>Sanchez</u>,
the school district transferred a teacher from one school to another, but her
title, salary, benefits, duties, and responsibilities remained the same</span><span style="color: black;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(the transfer
occurred in the past)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The court held
that her transfer did not constitute an adverse employment action. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(court decided case in the past)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The court
reasoned that because she had the same job title, salary, benefits, duties, and
responsibilities, her transfer was a mere lateral transfer rather than an
adverse employment action. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(court
reasoned in the past)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Use the past tense for client facts that have already happened,
but use the present tense for client facts that exist in the present.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>Mr. Smith worked
in the branch office, where he represented adult clients in high-profile
criminal cases. </span>(Ms. Smith did these things in the past)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>The company’s
client list contains names, addresses, and phone numbers for all corporate
clients. </span>(list exists in the present)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 178-82 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates &
Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 620-23 (5th ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-13396317327867348502012-11-05T18:26:00.000-07:002012-11-05T18:39:25.500-07:00Writing Tip of the Week: Capitalizing "Court"<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Rules B7.3.1 and 8 of the
Bluebook explain when practitioners should capitalize the word “court” in court
documents and legal memoranda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under these
rules, capitalize “court” in the following three situations:<o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>When “naming any court
in full.”<o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The United States
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addressed this question in <u>Gove v. Robinson</u>.<o:p> </o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>When “referring
to the [<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>]
Supreme Court.”<o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Justice Scalia
wrote the dissenting opinion for the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Court.
<o:p> </o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>When “referring
to the court that will be receiving that document.”<o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">This Court should
deny the Motion for Summary Judgment.<o:p> </o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Otherwise, do not capitalize “court.”<o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <u>Smith</u> court
considered whether a swimming pool was an attractive nuisance.</span><o:p> </o:p></li>
<li>The court in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><u>Wilson</u></st1:city></st1:place> found the
physician liable for failing to warn the victims about his patient’s threats
against them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<u>The Bluebook:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
Uniform System of Citation</u> R. B7.3.1, at 22, R. 8, at 84 (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Columbia</st1:city></st1:place> Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 19<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>th</sup>
ed. 2010); <u>see also</u> <u>Lawmanac—Clickable Help for Legal Writers</u>, “Punctuation,
Capitalization, & Typeface” (follow “Capitalization” hyperlink; then follow
“Words in Text” hyperlink; then follow “Court” hyperlink) (C. Edward Good ed.,
2009). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-90511212823355139622012-10-31T10:15:00.001-06:002012-10-31T10:16:04.671-06:00Library Noise Alert<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Noise Alert!</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
Children from the Ricks Center will be in the building, trick-or-treating, from just after 9:00 tomorrow morning until around 3:00 in the afternoon. The children are here intermittently and escorted by teachers. It’s normally well organized and minimally disruptive. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
The other event is an annual “Flash Mob” that the children put on in front of the law school on the west side of the building. That event will occur between 1:30 and 2:30 in the afternoon.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
Happy Halloween!</span>Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-47607176394265851032012-10-30T11:59:00.000-06:002012-10-30T12:03:56.302-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Pronoun Agreement<br />
<h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
A pronoun must agree with the
noun it replaces (the “antecedent”) in number, gender, and person. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Errors often occur with agreement in number.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To avoid these errors, use a singular pronoun
when referring to a singular antecedent and a plural pronoun when referring to
a plural antecedent.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police
read <u>Jack Rayburn</u> <u>his</u> rights.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct:</i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police
read <u>Jack and Sue Rayburn</u> <u>their</u> rights.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
The same rule applies when
the pronoun replaces a generic noun.</div>
<ul>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Incorrect</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police
must read <u>the defendant</u> <u>their</u> rights. </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police
must read <u>the defendant</u> <u>his or her</u> rights.</li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police
must read <u>defendants</u> <u>their</u> rights.<o:p> </o:p></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Collective nouns, such as
court, jury, or team, are singular (unless referring to the members of the
court, jury, or team), so they take singular pronouns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Incorrect</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <u>the
court</u> heard the testimony, <u>they</u> dismissed the case.</li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <u>the
court</u> heard the testimony, <u>it</u> dismissed the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p> </o:p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Indefinite pronouns, such as
everybody, someone, or no one, usually take singular pronouns.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Incorrect:</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><u>Anyone</u> would know that <u>they</u> should not drive while
intoxicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Correct:</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><u>Anyone</u> would know that <u>he or she</u> should not drive
while intoxicated.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>For more information, see Anne
Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 189-94 (3d ed. 2009) and
Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 631-34
(5th ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-8861292745410556762012-10-22T11:54:00.000-06:002012-10-22T11:54:45.895-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Affect and Effect
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Affect</span></b><span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> are easily confused
because they look alike. Further, although <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b> is normally
a verb, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> can be either a verb or a noun, adding to the
confusion. You can distinguish the two words by taking a closer look at their
definitions.</span><i><span><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Affect</span></b><span> is a verb that most commonly means “to
influence.” When used as a verb, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> means “to bring about” or “to
accomplish.” When used as a noun, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> means “result” or “consequence.”
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><br />
Therefore, to choose between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b>, you must
first consider whether you are using the word as a verb or a noun. If you are
using it as a verb, select <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b> if you mean “to influence”
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> if you mean “to bring about.” As a noun, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b>
will normally be the correct choice. </span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span>The new law <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affects</span></u> voters in several swing states. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b>
used as a verb meaning “to influence”)</li>
<li><span>The new law will <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></u> a change in the way states
recount votes in close elections. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b> used as a verb meaning “to
bring about”)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>It is difficult to gauge the <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></u> of the new law. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect</span></b>
used as a noun meaning “result”)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<span>Less common meanings for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">effect </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">are as
follows:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">affect</b></span>
as a verb that means “to put on a pretense or feign”; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">affect</span></b> as a noun in
psychology that means “emotion”; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ffect</span></b> as a noun meaning “personal
possessions.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 160-61, 307-08 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates
& Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook </u>772 (5th ed. 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-35084561916493308052012-10-02T14:00:00.000-06:002012-10-02T14:01:35.012-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Avoid Nominalizations <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of the best ways to improve your writing is to use active verbs instead of
nominalizations. A nominalization is a verb that has been turned into a noun.
For example, as nominalizations, the verbs “<u>state</u>” and “<u>assume</u>”
become the nouns “<u>statement</u>” and <u>assumption</u>.” Words that end in -<u>ment</u>,
-<u>ion</u>, -<u>ence</u>, -<u>ance</u>, -<u>ity</u>, -<u>ent</u>, -<u>ant</u>,
and -<u>ancy</u> are often nominalizations. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nominalizations lead to wordiness. When you turn a
verb into a noun, the sentence then requires additional verbs, prepositions and
articles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nominalizations also tend to
lead to passive voice and weaker verb choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nominalization</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <u>usage </u>of the property by the
defendants was for the <u>storage </u>of<u> </u>firewood and building
materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(17 words; passive
voice; weak verb)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Better</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The defendants stored firewood and building
materials on the property.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>(10
words; active voice; stronger verb—“stored” instead of “was”)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nominalization</span></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">An <u>agreement </u>was made
by the parties to reach a <u>decision</u> by Friday. </span>(13 words; passive
voice; weak verb)<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Better:</span></b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The parties agreed to decide
by Friday. </span>(7 words; active voice; stronger verbs—“agreed” and “decide”)<i>
<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nominalization:</span></b><i> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <u>intention </u>of Congress
was for the <u>interpretation</u> of the statute to be made broadly by the
courts. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(18 words; passive
voice; weak verbs)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Better:</span></b><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Congress intended the
courts to interpret the statute broadly. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(9 words; active voice; stronger verbs--“intended” and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“interpret”)<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<i><o:p> </o:p></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 0in;">
For more information on
nominalizations, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u>
74-77, 113-14<i> </i>(3d ed. 2009); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The
Legal Writing Handbook </u>178-79, 521, 556-58 (5th ed. 2010); and C. Edward
Good, <u>Legal Writing & Its Cure</u> ch. 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<u>reprinted in</u> <u>Lawmanac—Clickable Help for Legal Writers</u> 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-31145596545958779222012-09-24T18:14:00.000-06:002012-09-24T18:14:43.376-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Commas before Conjunctions Joining Main Clauses
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<w:wrap type="tight">
</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>When you join two main clauses with a coordinating
conjunction, use a comma before the conjunction</span></b><span>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
terminology in this comma rule may sound complicated, it is really quite
simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main clause</b> (or independent clause) can stand alone as a complete sentence,
whereas a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">subordinate clause </b>(or dependent
clause) cannot stand alone. The seven<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
coordinating conjunctions</b> are as follows:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">for, and, nor, but, or, yet, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> so</b>. You can use the mnemonic device
“FANBOYS” to remember them.</span><br />
<span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><u><span>The defendant
provided his own billing system</span></u><span>, and <u>he
also paid for his own bookkeeping services</u>. </span>(“and” joins two main
clauses)<span> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span>The appellate
court held that the noncompete agreement was void</span></u><span>, but <u>it remanded the case for further
determination on the question of trade secrets</u>. </span>(“but” joins two
main clauses)<span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>While it may be tempting to add
a comma every time you use a coordinating conjunction, the rule applies <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">only</b> when you are joining two main
clauses with one of the FANBOYS conjunctions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sentence with a compound verb does not have
two main clauses; thus, it does not take a comma even though it contains a
coordinating conjunction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<span>The defendant provided
his own billing system and <u>paid for his own bookkeeping services</u>. </span>(dependent
clause comes after “and,” so no comma)<span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Likewise, do not use a comma
to join two main clauses <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">without</b> a
coordinating conjunction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that case,
use a semicolon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<u><span><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></o:p></span></u><br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><u><span>The defendant provided his own billing system</span></u><span>; <u>he also paid for his own bookkeeping
services</u>. </span>(two main clauses but no FANBOYS)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 211-13 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates &
Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 652-53 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p><br />
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-82301755361875772412012-09-18T17:56:00.001-06:002012-09-18T17:56:08.282-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Principal and Principle
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>Principal</span></b><span>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b> look and sound alike,
yet have different meanings. While <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b>
can be a noun or an adjective, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b>
is a noun.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>As a noun, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> generally means main or head person,
such as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> of a school. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Some people remember this meaning using the memory
device, “the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">princi<u>pal</u></b> is our
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pal</b>.”) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a noun, it can also mean a capital sum of
money; a perpetrator or aider and abettor to a crime; or one who employs
another (an agent) to act for him. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When used
as an adjective, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> means
“main” or “primary,” such as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b>
finding in a study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>On the other hand, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>is a noun that means a rule, tenet, or basic truth, such as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b> of gravity.</span><span><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span>Thus, use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> as a noun to refer to important
people and as an adjective to signify someone or something important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In contrast, use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> a noun, when
you mean a rule or doctrine.</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">T</span></span></span><span>he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> of the high school led the students
in singing the national anthem. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b>
as a noun meaning the main or head person)</li>
<li><span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b>
issue in this case is whether the defendant waived his right to trial by
jury. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b> as an
adjective meaning main or primary)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span>Freedom and justice are the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principles</b> upon which our country was founded. </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principle</b> meaning rule, tenet or
basic truth)<span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie
Oates<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i><u>Just Writing</u> 311 (3d
ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing
Handbook</u> 775-76 (5th ed. 2010). <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-40498793005903214092012-09-18T08:18:00.000-06:002012-09-18T08:18:23.226-06:00Library closed on Oct. 3, 2012 The Westminster Law Library will be closed on Wednesday, October 3, 2012 for the Presidential Debate. Regular hours will resume the next day.
Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00934509087423181069noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-69917749548030701032012-09-10T15:15:00.001-06:002012-09-10T15:15:32.721-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Use the Active Voice<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span>When you write in the active
voice, the subject of your sentence does the acting. In contrast, in the
passive voice, the subject is acted upon. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Active voice</span></i><span>:
The <u>batter hit</u> the ball. </span>(the subject, the batter, is doing the
action in the verb, the hitting)<i><span>
</span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Passive voice</span></i><span>:
The ball <u>was hit by</u> the batter. (</span>the subject, the batter, is acted
upon)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span>Because the active voice is
generally clearer and more concise, make a habit of using it unless you have a
good reason not to. You can spot passive voice in your writing by looking for
some form of the verb “to be.” In some forms of passive voice, you will also
see the preposition “by.”</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Passive voice</span></i><span>:
It <u>can be determined </u>that the rule <u>is violated by</u> prosecutors when
they fail to research adequately. </span>(17 words)<span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Active voice</span></i><span>:
<u>Prosecutors violate</u> the rule when they fail to research adequately.
</span>(10 words)<span> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span>In other forms of passive
voice, the writer leaves out the subject, requiring the reader to fill in the
missing information.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Passive voice</span></i><span>:
Every week, all confidential material <u>was shredded and discarded</u>.
</span>(Who shredded and discarded the material?)<span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i><span>Active voice</span></i><span>:
Every week, <u>the company shredded and discarded</u> all confidential material.
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
For further information on passive voice, see Anne Enquist
& Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 69-73 (3d ed. 2009); Laurel
Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing Handbook</u> 176-78,
513-18 (5th ed. 2010); and C. Edward Good, <u>Legal Writing & Its Cure</u>
ch. 7, (<u>reprinted in</u> <u>Lawmanac—Clickable help for Legal Writers</u>
2009).</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-69043431878392878902012-09-05T20:11:00.002-06:002012-09-05T20:11:48.858-06:00Lexis Office Hours
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Look for
Lexis Student Reps at the Lexis table on the second floor adjacent to the
Library entrance. Visit Jenna Bechtholdt </span><a href="mailto:jbechtholdt13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">jbechtholdt13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, Jonathan Culwell </span><a href="mailto:jculwell13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">jculwell13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, Neal McConomy </span><a href="mailto:nmcconomy13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">nmcconomy13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, or Antonio Mendez </span><a href="mailto:amendez14@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">amendez14@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> with LexisNexis questions during the
hours listed: <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenna
Bechtholdt </span><a href="mailto:jbechtholdt13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">jbechtholdt13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tuesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10:30am – 12:30pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Wednesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9:00am – Noon<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jonathan
Culwell </span><a href="mailto:jculwell13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">jculwell13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Monday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9:30am – 1:00pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tuesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9:00am – 10:30am<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Neal
McConomy </span><a href="mailto:nmcconomy13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">nmcconomy13@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">,:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Monday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4:15pm – 6:15pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Thursday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 9:00am – 10:00am; Noon – 2:00pm <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Antonio Mendez
</span><a href="mailto:mendez14@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">mendez14@law.du.edu</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tuesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2:30pm – 4:00pm; 5:30pm – 6:30pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Wednesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Noon – 1:00pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Thursday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2:30pm – 4:00pm<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contact
LexisNexis Account Representative Katherine Sparks between or after hours </span><a href="mailto:Katherine.Sparks@lexisnexis.com"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">Katherine.Sparks@lexisnexis.com</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Call
24-hour Lexis Customer Service: 1- 800-45 – LEXIS (53947) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Go
live </span><a href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/lawschool/help"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.lexisnexis.com/lawschool/help</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> and chat online for research
assistance. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
Written by Sheila Green, Reference LibrarianWestminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-34683857714024542992012-09-04T15:57:00.000-06:002012-09-04T15:57:45.863-06:00Writing Tip of the Week: Its Versus It's<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Don’t make the mistake of confusing the possessive “its”
with the contractive “it’s.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Its” is a
pronoun meaning “belonging to it.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like
the other possessive pronouns (my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, ours,
their, and theirs), “its” does not take an apostrophe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conversely, “it’s” with an apostrophe is a
contraction meaning “it is” or “it has.” <o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b>Here's the simple rule: if you mean “it is” or
“it has,” use “it’s” with an apostrophe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Otherwise, always use “its” without the apostrophe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><i>Example</i>: <u>It’s</u> important to
let justice take <u>its</u> course. (first
“it’s” is a contraction meaning “it is,” so use the apostrophe or write it out;
second “its” is possessive, so no apostrophe)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i>Example</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><u>It’s</u> been a long time since he visited the site. (contraction meaning “it has,” so use the apostrophe
or write out the words “it has”)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i>Example</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The company will not voluntarily release <u>its</u> financial
records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(possessive,
so no apostrophe)<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i>Example</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The court heard <u>its</u> first case this week. (possessive, so no apostrophe)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Because legal writing is a formal style of writing,
however, you will rarely use contractions like “it’s.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, you will normally write out “it is” or “it
has” and use only the possessive “its.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p> </o:p>For more information, see
Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, <u>Just Writing</u> 108-09, 238, 310 (3d
ed. 2009); Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, <u>The Legal Writing
Handbook</u> 680, 775 (5th ed. 2010); and <u>Lawmanac—Clickable Help for Legal
Writers</u>, “Punctuation, Capitalization & Typeface” (follow “Apostrophe”
hyperlink; then follow “Contractions” hyperlink) (C. Edward Good ed., 2009).</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Writing Clinichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02807730511930937183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-5132072957845352032012-08-31T16:40:00.000-06:002012-09-05T20:14:22.965-06:00Westlaw Office Hours
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Look for Westlaw
Student Reps at the Westlaw table on the second floor adjacent to the Library
entrance. Visit Koley Borchard <a href="mailto:kborchard14@law.du.edu">kborchard14@law.du.edu</a>,
Christina Brown </span><a href="mailto:cbrown13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">cbrown13@law.du.edu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, or Collin Zundel </span><a href="mailto:czundel13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">czundel13@law.du.edu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> with Westlaw questions during the
hours listed: </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Koley
Borchard </span><a href="mailto:kborchard14@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">kborchard14@law.du.edu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Tuesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1:00pm – 4:00pm</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Thursday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1:00pm – 4:00pm</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Christina
Brown </span><a href="mailto:cbrown13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">cbrown13@law.du.edu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Monday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11:45am – 1:15pm</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Wednesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8:00am – 10:00am; 11:45am – 1:15pm</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Collin
Zundel </span><a href="mailto:czundel13@law.du.edu"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">czundel13@law.du.edu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Monday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3:00pm – 6:00pm</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Wednesday<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3:00pm – 6:00pm<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contact
Westlaw Account Manager Jeff Brandimarte between or after hours at </span><a href="mailto:jeff.brandimarte@thomsonreuters.com"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">jeff.brandimarte@thomsonreuters.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> or (720) 839-1388. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Call
24-hour Westlaw Customer Service: 1-800-WESTLAW. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Written by Sheila Green, Reference Librarian</span><br />
<ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-53865304563287249982012-08-20T11:23:00.000-06:002012-08-20T11:23:57.266-06:00CIA World Fact BookHave you been asked, or chosen, to write about a country you
know very little about? Before you do significant in-depth research, it is
generally helpful to begin with background material. You’ll want to find
out some basic information such as
geographical information, the political and legal system, something about it’s
economy, and, possibly, any significant transnational issues.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
One of the primary places to obtain this information is The
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1611738412" target="_blank">CIA World Fact Boo</a><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/%20" target="_blank">k</a>. The online access provides information on all of these topics and more. Information on issues such as the language(s)
spoken, population, and religion(s) can
be found under the People and Society link drop down. Mortality rates, drinking water sources, and
other health related information can also be located here.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
As with any website or other resource, you’ll want to verify
the date the material was last updated, and ‘consider the source’ – what isn’t
there? Is there a bias to the information? The CIA World Fact Book online is a great place to begin!<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Written by Joan Policastri, Foreign, Comparative and International Law Librarian </div>
Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-72058002888019934412012-08-08T21:22:00.001-06:002012-08-08T21:22:37.890-06:00Oil & Gas Research<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Domestic
oil and gas law is the main focus of <a href="http://bianca.penlib.du.edu/search/o?SEARCH=759695965" target="_blank"><u>Oil and Gas Law: A Legal Research Guide</u></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://bianca.penlib.du.edu/search/o?SEARCH=759695965"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">by Lauren E. Schroeder at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Law-Level 3 KF1849 .S37 2012. </b>Schroeder
also covers international oil and gas sources and oil pollution.</span><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Check the
Table of Contents for the following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Primary
Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Federal, state,
cases, and specialized case reporters.</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secondary
Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Nutshells, dictionaries,
hornbooks, periodicals, institutes, continuing legal education (CLE) materials,
and treatises. </span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Online
Source</span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">s</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Subscription
databases and free Internet sources.</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">International
Oil and Gas Law</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Organizations,
secondary sources, industry associations, and online sources. </span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Researching
Oil Spills and Oil Pollution</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:
Primary sources, secondary sources, websites, and conferences. </span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Appendix
I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">. Library of
Congress Subject Headings for additional oil and gas research in online library
catalogs. </span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Appendix
I</span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>.</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shale deposits in the United States.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">This guide
is recommended for oil and gas practitioners, lawyers who are new to this
specialty, law librarians, law school faculty teaching in this area, and
students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Written by Sheila Green, Reference Librarian </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2166509423195855293.post-62838703557894310012012-08-03T09:54:00.000-06:002012-08-04T18:23:09.602-06:00Westlaw By Credit Card to CeaseWestlaw has recently announced that it will discontinue its <a href="http://creditcard.westlaw.com/default.aspx" target="_blank">“Westlaw By Credit Card”</a> service as of August 31, 2012. Presently, this document retrieval service allows users to access to materials on Westlaw, including state and federal case law, statutes, and appellate briefs, with the use of a credit card. It also provides access to KeyCite, West’s citation research service. After August 31, 2012, users will have to have a Westlaw subscription in order to access Westlaw and charges will be billed to the user’s Westlaw account. LexisNexis previously discontinued its “LexisNexis by Credit Card” website. <br />
<br />The Westminster Law Library continues to provide access to a limited public Westlaw service through two public-access computer terminals on the third floor. We also provide public access to the LexisNexis Academic database from public-access computer terminals on any floor. Unfortunately, no remote access is available. Please ask library staff for any needed assistance accessing these services.<br />
<br />
Written by Brian Shoemaker, DU LIS Student<br />
<br />Westminster Law Libraryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10164661215492051614noreply@blogger.com